INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION STUDIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY: DEVELOPMENTS
Many of the researchers note that it wasn't until the 1970s that the majority of the major immigrant nations began undertaking migration studies, and that this is when migration patterns began to change substantially. The globalization of international migration patterns and the subsequent implementation of restrictive entrance rules in European Union nations from the mid-1970s have prompted a shift in the focus of academic enquiry. More than a third of the people living in the nations that constitute the Gulf Cooperation Council are immigrant workers. There is no opportunity for discussion of ideas like citizenship, integration, or participation because of the strict nature of the migration regulations that are based on the kafala system (for example, sponsorship). Over nine million individuals in Africa have been displaced from their homes or have moved within the continent as a consequence of conflicts and extreme poverty. Traditional migration theories that pit forced migration versus voluntary migration are challenged by the fact that forcible migrations usually result in economic mobility as a coping strategy. This fact makes it more difficult to apply standard categories and assumptions to the investigation of current modifications to global migration patterns. This paper is an incredible effort to evaluate how research on international migration has progressed in the twenty-first century.
Citzenship, Conflicts, Exterme poverty, Globalization, Migration. Globalization.